"From Blank to Blank":
Excerpts from a Work in Regress
Silence as Music
To focus on the phenomenon of musical silence is analogous to deliberately studying the spaces between trees in a forest: somewhat perverse at first, until one realizes that these spaces contribute to the perceived character of the forest itself, and enable us to speak coherently of 'dense' growth or 'sparse' vegetation. In other words, silence is not nothing. It is not the null set. Silence is experienced both as meaningful and as adhering to the sounding position of the musical object.
—Thomas Clifton, "The Poetics of Musical Silence"
An interesting and insightful quote, I think—although (as Marcel Cobussen points out) Clifton tends to see silence as only having importance in its relation to sound, unlike someone like John Cage, who sees silence as a presence in its own right: "We should listen to the silence with the same attention that we give to the sounds."
The Sounds of Poetry
I read through Robert Pinsky's The Sounds of Poetry: A Brief Guide today.
Too many poetry books (and teachers) approach meter as though it were a clearly defined binary system of equally stressed and equally unstressed syllables. Robert Pinsky is largely successful at showing how to appreciate the rich variety of sounds in the English language while avoiding a lot of technical terms and descriptions. It’s important to keep in mind that this is not intended as an overview of the basics of poetry, but a “brief guide” to one aspect of how poetry works. He discusses rhythm and meter (including the effects of duration and pitch), rhyme and its variations, and blank and free verse. There were a few aspects of the book I didn’t fully agree with. Pinsky treats all meter as variations of iambic. He includes some elements of word choice (particularly etymology) that are not convincingly related to sounds. And his tone is at times too simplistic—not condescending, exactly, but annoyingly dumbed down. However, this short book is well worth reading to get a poet’s perspective on the importance of sound in verse.
I was also disappointed that Pinsky didn't more deeply explore sound as metaphor, but that's a subject for another time.
Verse, Free and Otherwise
I think one of the best examples of the unity of form and content in poetry is Theodore Roethke's "Elegy for Jane." The poem is free verse—it has no set rhymes, no set meter, no set line or stanza length—but it is as tightly structured as any sonnet. The tools that Roethke uses to organize the poem are both thematic and auditory (though I reject the distinction between the two). Most obviously, the use of natural imagery, personification, and animism binds the lines of the poem together, just as it suggests the speaker's idealized sense of the relationship between Jane and the natural world. Roethke also incorporates a variety of slant rhymes, internal rhymes, consonance, assonance, and alliteration to provide cohesion within the poem.
In fact, the sounds of the poem are divided into two strains that are woven throughout the poem, like musical themes, echoing the two qualities of the subject. A combination of short (ĭ, ĕ) and high frequency (ē, ī) vowel sounds, along with liquid (r and l) and nasal consonants (m and n) provide an aural sense both of Jane's etherealness ("I remember the neckcurls, limp and damp as tendrils") and of her energy ("the light syllables leaped for her"). In contrast, clusters of low, open vowel sounds (ō, ow, ooh), fricatives (s, sh, th), and stops (d, k, t, p) slow the poem down while suggesting Jane's seriousness and the depression she was prone to: "Oh, when she was sad, she cast herself down into such a pure depth . . ." As in the most sophisticated music, these two aural themes variously complement each other, contradict each other, and inevitably overlap.
Of course, not every poem requires as tightly structured a sound as "Elegy for Jane"—in many poems such tight cohesiveness would clash with the theme—but in this poem the sound becomes an expressive metaphor for both the feelings of the speaker (struggling to maintain control while he is falling apart) and his awkward positioning just outside society's prescribed circle of ritualistic mourning. The relation of sound to meaning (or, rather, the extent to which the sound is the meaning), and the degree to which that relationship (or unity) controls the organization of the poem, break down the artificial distinction between open and closed forms of verse.
A Contemporary Twain
I've been wanting to read Percival Everett's novel God's Country since my daughter Charity read it in her African American Literature class. I finally got around to it this weekend.
God's Country is an irreverent farce, one that peels away the romantic whitewashing (pun intended) often given to depictions of the Old West—even depictions that think they are being irreverent. Everett's characters, more often than not, are smelly, boorish, and stupid. More importantly, they are narrow-minded, violent, racist, sexist, and self-righteously hypocritical. Everett masterfully balances coarse humor, a broad and penetrating social critique, and a sympathetic portrait of the far more complex Bubba, a black tracker who struggles to maintain his independence and dignity against this hostile cultural backdrop: “All I want is one day where I ain't got to worry about a white man decidin' I looked crosswise at him, one day where I ain't got to worry just 'cause I hear a rider behind me, one day where I ain't called a boy.” I was continually reminded of Mark Twain as I read this novel: it is that funny, and that smart.
The Happy Tyranny of Form
Good "free verse" is really formal improvisation. The words interconnect and interact formally every bit as thoroughly as in the strictest sonnet. The difference is that no pattern of interaction, however partial, is set at the beginning—to allow for a greater richness of formal interaction, not a lesser, to allow (theoretically) for an even greater instrumentality of the language. The form of the poem is the way the poem tells the poet what it wants to be. . . . A poet may begin writing poems as program notes to his personality, and maybe they should always retain that early ardor of self-expression, but the best poets care about the poem as a made thing as much as about what it says, and to them the two are as inseparable as a word from its sound.
—Michael Ryan, A Difficult Grace: On Poets, Poetry, and Writing (2000)
I have often told my students that the greatest risk in writing free verse is that the poet may end up having written only what she set out to write: the restrictions of closed forms (ideally, theoretically) force an intellectual and emotional engagement with the poet's ideas, as she must bend what she intended to say to fit the pre-determined form—the poet is forced to find new ways to say things, which results in saying (and learning—and sharing) new ideas. Ezra Pound wrote, "I think there is a 'fluid' as well as a 'solid' content, that some poems may have form as a tree has form, some as water poured into a vase." Either the content determines the outer shape of the poem (as a tree growing, in effect, from the inside out) or the content re-shapes itself—like water—to assume the shape of the vessel into which it is poured. In either case, the process is not (or is rarely, or should not be) at the conscious discretion [strike that: at the willful discretion] of the poet, and ideally the two—content and vessel, meaning and form, word and sound (or should that be sound and word?)—become indistinguishable.
My freedom thus consists in my moving about within the narrow frame that I have assigned myself for each one of my undertakings. I shall go even further: my freedom will be so much the greater and more meaningful the more narrowly I limit my field of action and the more I surround myself with obstacles.
—Igor Stravinsky, Poetics of Music
In truth the prison, unto which we doom
Ourselves, no prison is: and hence for me,
In sundry moods, 'twas pastime to be bound
Within the Sonnet's scanty plot of ground;
Pleased if some Souls (for such there needs must be)
Who have felt the weight of too much liberty,
Should find brief solace there, as I have found.
—William Wordsworth, "Nuns Fret Not at Their Convent's Narrow Room"

